Conflicts of Interest

Authors submitting to Al-Turath Journal of Media Studies (ATJMS) must disclose all financial, institutional, commercial, or other support relevant to the research. They must also declare any financial, personal, professional, institutional, or other competing interests that could influence—or reasonably be perceived to influence—the research, analysis, interpretation, or presentation of its findings. If no competing interests exist, the authors should explicitly state: “The authors declare no competing interests.”